Sunday, 24 October 2010

Gurcharan Mall


Gurcharan Mall is 58 years old but he looked much younger and fitter than that as he recently left the crowd at a wedding ceremony aghast, bewildered and amazed. His vivacious and cheering personality was infectious, and the crowd just got mesmerised by the dhol group. The beauty of GM was that despite a heavy schedule he always has the patience and time to talk to others, young or old. The dhol bhangra dance is a very lively and cultural traditional cultural folk dance and music from the Northern Indian fertile state of Panjab, The Land of Five Rivers and the Homeland of the Sikhs. He comes from Hakim Pur, a village near Bhanga, Dist. Jalandhar, Panjab.

He is truly, without a shadow of doubt, the first pioneer of making the Dhol popular around the world and he plays it adeptly not only with great finesse and perfection but with great passion.

He is popularly called "the King of Dhol" and also the Godfather of the world's Dhol players. He is the most loved, respected, adored and cherished of the world’s legendary players and has performed live in front of crowds, with great celebrities like Gurdas Maan, Kuldip Manak, Harbhajan Maan, Han Raj Hans, Surinda Shinda, Jamla Jatt and many more. He has been a special guest to the current monarchy, Queen Elizabeth 2.

As a young child, he was fascinated by rhythmic sounds and during his early childhood in the late 1950’s he assimilated all the cultural values and beliefs of the Panjabi society. In the early 1960’s, his family moved to the UK and he successfully adapted to the transition from rural Panjab to Westernised way of life whilst retaining the values, beliefs and culture which now gives him recognition as an outstanding personality. He is very articulate both in Punjabi and English and his communication skills are admirable as he talks with a perpetual smile on his face. He wins the heart of others by his humble demeanour and warm hugs.

He qualified as a Mechanical Engineer and studied Dholak during his spare time. He continued to develop his innate talents and developed his skills as both dholak and dhol musician. He is fastidious and constantly striving for perfection, which is evident in his performances. His unique style of dhol playing has won the hearts and mind of the entire generation of music lovers achieving global recognition. Although humble, his is a household name,nowadays. Recently, at a wedding, he was described as popular and his self-effacing and humble personality was admired by the crowd. Many took the opportunity to take photos with him and his radiating warmth brings others close to him and fans just love his dhol and his personality.

He has his own Dhol Academy where he teaches dhol and he is actively involved with several institutions and universities. This great dhol maestro was in the Biggest Show 2005, where over 200,000 were in the audience and over four million viewers watched him around the world playing on Live 8 with UB 40 at the famous Speakers Corner, Hyde Park, in London.


The beginning of an artist.

Gurcharan was from the very start influenced by the unique rhythms of Bhangra music. This music has its origins in the rural calendar of an agricultural society that always celebrates a successful harvest. The dance movements themselves are all associated with the movements of an agricultural worker going about his daily tasks. Even as a young child Gurcharan was fascinated by the rhythmic sounds and his earliest instrument was a "Peepa Can" that he played with a couple of sticks. His early childhood in the late 1950's ensured that he absorbed all the cultural values of an Indian nation with its multi-cultural values and religions.

As a teenager in a very close community, Gurcharan saw traditional Bhangra being performed by U.K. based groups and he began to attend rehearsals and learn the basic movements. At the same time he followed the bands like Anari Sangeet, Ashoka group, Also Chirag Pechan Who were developing the new Bhangra sound by introducing western instruments to the traditional music. Whilst he was attracted to the new form he decided that he would initially concentrate on learning all that he could about the traditional Bhangra music. He continued to develop his skills as both a Dancer and Dhol musician.

Always demanding perfection he realised that he needed to form his own team of Bhangra Dancers and he created the "Nachdey Hasdey Group". They quickly developed a reputation for excellence that won them many Awards. "The Punjab Group" was another Dance Group with whom he toured and performed with in many countries throughout the world. Gurcharan began to earn a reputation as a Teacher and this led to his involvement in many Dance Groups.

Not content with only developing Bhangra dancing Gurcharan began to be in demand to play both Dhol and Dholak in the newly emerging modern Bhangra Groups.


His first group was the "Nadaan Group" which featured many top Bhangra musicians. His next group was Taranga.

Then Apna Sangeet In which he was Dholak and the first Dhol player outside India to play with a singing group. and then came his big break in 1986, with the release of Apna Sangeets debut album ‘Apna Sangeet by Apna Sangeet’, he stamped his name on the Bhangra industry.

His unique style of Dhol playing won the hearts and minds of a whole generation of music lovers. He was the first Dhol player to combine dancing on stage whilst playing Dhol, and his performances blew peoples minds. He gave Apna Sangeet and its bludgeoning fan base over sixteen years of Dhol playing frenzy and helped them to achieve global recognition. Apna Sangeet Also used to be called The Big Drum Boys .

With his growing international reputation Gurcharan is the natural choice to accompany many of the International Stars who visit the U.K. from both the Bombay Film Industry and the Punjab. Gurcharan performed with the likes of Gurdas Maan, Jagmohan Kaur/ K.Deep, Jamla Jatt, Kuldip Manak, Hans Raj Hans, Harbhajan Maan, Sarbjit Cheema, Surinder Shinda, Jagga Jatt, alaap, heera, Malkit singh, Safri Boys ,DCS, Geet group many more.

Gurcharans originality, dedication and talent have made him a formidable force in the Asian music industry. He has created his own distinct identity and taken his place among the best Punjabi musical talent on earth.

In 1999 the Dhol Blasters took part in the first ever Dholathon and set a world record of 42hours non-stop Dhol playing and in 2001 they went on to break their own record and set a new one by playing no less than 53 hours non-stop, a record that remains today

Today Gurcharans Bhangra crusade continues. His performances had so much impact that they inspired people all over the country to take up the playing Dhol. So many people approached him for lessons that around fifteen years ago he created the first team of Dholis in the U.K. ‘The Dhol Blasters’.

In 2009 Gurcharan Mall aka The King of Dhol has drummed his way into the Guinness Book of World Records under the World 501 Dholi’s banner. A total of 632 Dhol players from all backgrounds smashed the previous world record by simultaneously playing the Dhol for for 12 minutes and 42 seconds on, Saturday 2nd May 2009.

Gurcharan was the man behind this amazing feast of live Dhol rhythms, staged at Centenary Square in Birmingham, UK. He wanted to show and involve all communities to experience how rich and strong his culture was, and came up with the idea of using the Dhol drum as the centre piece to both break a world record and raise money for charity at the same time.



info various www

Tuesday, 19 October 2010

Gadgets Past & Present

Headphone Audio Listening



The Sony Walkman invented in 1979 was one of the must have gadgets of the 80's. By the 90's it was replaced by the CD Player. Now it is the ipod that is the latest gadget




Mobile Phone
The Bosch transportable phone was from the end of the 80’s and weighs 5.2 kg – 11.5 pounds (!) and has the following dimensions height: 26cm width: 23cm depth: 12cm. To the right is one of the smallest mobile phones of today – the Motorola RAZR V3 – weighing in at 95 grams (3.35 ounces).





Removeable Storage Device
Removable storage
In the 80’s the most popular removable storage media was the 5 1/4 inch floppy diskette, capable of storing 360 KB (later 1200 KB). Today you have the SD micro card, a 8gb micro is capable of storing 25,000 floppies






Monday, 18 October 2010

Who Has The Most Attractive Eyes

Bright Eyes, Sparkly Eyes.......Who's Got them



Zooey Deschanel
She is an American actress, musician, model, and singer-songwriter.




Kristin Kreuk
She’s has gorgeous eyes, and has starred in “Smallville” as Lana Lang






Aishwarya Rai
Famous Indian actress and beauty queen. She was chosen by Time magazine in 2004 as one of the World’s “100 Most Influential People”




Angelina Jolie

Famous for her role as Lara Croft






Gulabi Ankhen Jo Teri Dekhi

Friday, 15 October 2010

My Latest Bhangra Playlist

What Have I Been Listening To Over The Past month
It's a mixed mood list....the way i prefer to listen
Some nice danceable tracks a few sad ones balanced with some romantic songs, sharabi songs

Door Ni Kulne - Manni Sandhu
Kaun Nee Jandah - PBN & Daljit Mattu
Socha Vich - (Ik Kudi Punjab Di) Amrinder Gill
Maar Glassi - Offlicence
Number Plate - Tara Singh - Desi Crew (Solid ll)
Rabba - Shreya Ghoshal ( Sukhmani )
Sadde Pyaar De Purane Din Morh De Ve Rabba - Madan Maddi
Main Nee Peenda - Garry Sandhu
Ralh Mil Jashan Manaiye Dosto - Laddi Bath
Sanu Vi Nachke Dekhah - MC Special Ft.Jaswinder Daghamia
Dil Tenu Harya - Dhira Gill
Oh Yaar Nahi Hunde - K. S. Makhan
Pind Mittran De - En Karma [NOTORIOUS-DESI]
Goriye Ni Goriye - Surinder Kalakaar
Sohni Lagdi - sarbjeet cheema - Desi PLaYa
Mera Ki Haal {Meri Maa Nu Na Dasiyo } - Amrinder Gill - Slambassador
Nachda Rahu - Kaka Bhaniawala
Kala Chasma - De-C Amplified VoL-2
Neele Neele Note Neele Naino Waliye - Sona Singh

Thursday, 14 October 2010

Hindu Gods

Lord Brahma: God of Creation
Lord Brahma is the first of the Hindu Trinity. He is the Creator. He is regarded as the Supreme being, the God of Gods. In the beginning Brahma was the Universe, he created Gods. After having created Gods, he placed them in these worlds eg: AGNI (Fire) in this world, Vayu (Air) in the atmosphere and Surya (Sun) in the sky. Brahma generated the Gods and the entire world. Within him is the Universe.














Lord Vishnu
The lord of peace and truth, Vishnu is the Preserver/Sustainer of life. His many avatars have been known to born on this earth to restore peace and order – the most popular incarnations are Rama and Krishna. That is why, in India, Rama and Krishna are the most worshipped entities, people are not worshipping multiple Gods, but different forms and expansions of the same God.
He is the second member of the Hindu Trinity.
The mantra of Lord Vishnu is "Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya". Any thing in the world is possible by worshipping lord Vishnu, who sustains the life in world. Enchanting this mantra saves a devotee from many troubles. It bestows the devotee with prosperity, peace, wealth etc.





Lord Shiva
He is the third member of the Hindu trinity. He is the God of Destruction. When the religiosity has fallen to such low standards in the world, that it is no longer worth living, He destroys it in order to enable a new creation filled with 'dharma'. He is also known as "Nataraj" - Lord of the Dance - who dances the world into and out of existence.
The mantra of Lord Shiva is "Om Namah Sivaya". Chant so that impurities, anxieties and doubts are destroyed. Lord Shiva bestows his blessings immediately on the devotee.







Lord Krishna
Krishna is the eighth incarnation of Lord Vishnu and was born in the Dvarpara Yuga as the "dark one". Krishna is the embodiment of love and divine joy, that destroys all pain and sin. Krishna is the protector of sacred utterances and cows. Krishna is a trickster and lover, an instigator of all forms of knowledge and born to establish the religion of love.











Goddess Saraswati
Goddess Saraswati is the Goddess of Knowledge. She possesses the power of speech, wisdom and learning. She is the consort of Lord Brahma.
The mantra of Goddess Saraswati "Om Aim Saraswatyai Namah"













Goddess Lakshmi
She is the Goddess of all the wealth and Prosperity in the world. She is the wife of Lord Vishnu, mother of Kama.
The mantra of Goddess Lakshmi "Om Sri Maha Lakshmyai Namah"















Goddess Durga
Goddess Durga is the consort of Lord Shiva. Her other names are Parvati or Lalita. She exists in various divine - both friendly and fearful forms. Two of her very powerful forms are Durga - the Goddess beyond reach and Kali - the Goddess of destruction. She has a charming personality and is adored by married women for a happy married life.
"Om Sri Durgaya Namah" This mantra is of Goddess Durga the combined form of the powers of Lakshmi, Saraswati and kali. By enchanting this mantra all the physical, mental, economic problems are solved.







Lord Ganesh
Ganesha is the God of success and overcoming obstacles, but is also associated with wisdom, learning, prudence, and power. As the god of success, his names are chanted at the start of any important venture. As the remover of obstacles, he is invoked at the start of every journey, marriage, religious rite, house construction, the writing of a book or even a letter. In Hindu mythology Ganesha is identified as the son of Shiva and Parvati






Hanuman
Hanuman, whose image is in the form of a monkey, is particularly associated with the Ramayana, the story of Rama and Sita.
He is a symbol of strength and loyalty and represents the concept that animals are also a creation of God.









Monday, 11 October 2010

Did You Know - About India

Karate actually originated in India, but was developed further in China


No one has ever been able to domesticate the African Elephant. Only the Indian Elephant can be trained by man.


The Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus) is the National Bird of India.


Tamil is the oldest of all Indian languages and also the oldest living language in the world.


India accounts for upto 42% of the world's total cashew nut production and consume about one third of global consumption per annum.


In 1962, Air India became the world's first all-jet carrier when it replaced Super Constellation with a fleet of Boeing 707s.


42% of the world's poor live in India, That's over 450 million people living below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day, according to the World Bank.


India's Cherrapnuji is the wettest places on earth, receiving 425 inches of rain every year.

Saturday, 9 October 2010

Balloon Costumes













Some amazing pictures of dresses made from balloons

Sunday, 3 October 2010

INDIA Hosts The Commonwealth Games















A dazzling, colourful, high-octane opening ceremony that was part Bollywood, part cultural extravaganza, did much to dispel the nightmares of the past fortnight, thrilling a sell-out crowd in the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium as well as the athletes and officials from 71 Commonwealth nations.

It even managed to start on time, to the very second, proving there are some deadlines that Games organisers are capable of meeting.

It was a spectacular night of dance, music and pyrotechnics, rounded off by a performance of the Slumdog Millionaire song 'Jai Ho’ by Oscar-winning singer-composer A.R Rahman, the so-called “Mozart of Madras”.

It was a truly lavish production that set a new benchmark for Commonwealth Games opening ceremonies just as Beijing took the Olympic curtain-raiser to new heights two years ago.

Predictably, the biggest cheer came when the Indian team brought up the rear of the athletes’ parade, though there was also a warm reception for the English team suitably attired in Indian long shirts, or kurta. It was a nice gesture to the Indian hosts, but one that was also borne out of financial necessity. With no main sponsor to pay for expensive parade wear, the costumes were sourced locally in New Delhi by England chef de mission Craig Hunter at a knockdown price.

Minutes before the start of the ceremony, the stadium announcer read out a list of rules for spectators, including the stern warning: “Do not use unparliamentary language.” But the crowd was too high-spirited to engage in profanities, despite having to endure hour-long queues in 35C temperatures for bags to be searched and bodies to be patted down. A staggering 100,000 security personnel were on duty outside the stadium. So much for the Friendly Games.

Amid all the singing, drum-beating and gyrating by the thousands of performers, the Prince of Wales briefly held centre stage to declare: “I have much pleasure in declaring the XIXth Commonwealth Games open.” It was a sentence many feared they would not hear just a few weeks ago when several countries threatened to walk out over the “uninhabitable” accommodation. But they didn’t, and the Games have begun. What better reason for a boisterous, Indian party?

info www

PROUD TO BE AN INDIAN

Friday, 1 October 2010

Earth Like Planet Discovered

Astronomers have discovered a potentially habitable planet of similar size to Earth in orbit around a nearby star.

A team of planet hunters spotted the alien world circling a red dwarf star called Gliese 581, 20 light years away.

The planet is in the "Goldilocks zone" of space around a star where surface temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to form.

"Our findings offer a very compelling case for a potentially habitable planet," said Steven Vogt, an astronomer at the University of California, Santa Cruz. "The fact that we were able to detect this planet so quickly and so nearby tells us that planets like this must be really common."

If confirmed, the planet would be the most Earth-like that has ever been discovered in another solar system and the first strong contender for a habitable one.

More than 400 exoplanets have been discovered by astronomers, but most are gas giants, like Jupiter, that would be inhospitable to life as we know it.

Astronomers used the Keck telescope in Hawaii to study the movement of Gliese 581 in exquisite detail and from their observations inferred the presence of a number of orbiting planets. The team report two new planets in the Astrophysical Journal, bringing the total number known to be circling the star to six.

One of the planets, named Gliese 581g, has a mass of three to four times that of Earth and takes 37 days to orbit the star. Astronomers believe it is a rocky planet with enough gravity to retain an atmosphere.

Unlike the previously discovered planets, Gliese 581g lies squarely in the region of space were life can thrive. "We had planets on both sides of the habitable zone — one too hot and one too cold — and now we have one in the middle that's just right," Vogt said.

One side of the planet is always facing the star, much as one side of the moon constantly faces Earth. This means that the far side of the planet is constantly in darkness. The most habitable region of the planet would be the line between the light and dark regions.

"Any emerging life forms would have a wide range of stable climates to choose from and to evolve around, depending on their longitude," Vogt said.

The average temperature on the planet is estimated to be between -31 to -12C, but the ground temperature would vary from blazing hot on the bright side and freezing on the dark side.

"The number of systems with potentially habitable planets is probably on the order of 10 or 20 percent, and when you multiply that by the hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way, that's a large number. There could be tens of billions of these systems in our galaxy," said Vogt.

INFO WWW

Artist's impression of the inner four planets of the Gliese 581 system and their host star, a red dwarf only 20 light years from Earth. Image: Lynette Cook/NSF/AP

Tuesday, 28 September 2010

Neha Dalvi - Indian Model



Birth Name : Neha Dalvi
Birth Date : July 15th, 1988
Birth Location : Mumbai
Measurements : 34-24-34
Height : 173 m (5 ft 8 in)
Hair Color : Blonde and Brown
Eye Color : green and Sea blue






Neha Dalvi a new beauty face from Mumbai, India. she is ready to compete in “Miss India 2010” and “Miss World 2010“. She is compared with her beauty and attire with former Miss World Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. Neha Dalvi has done many endorsements with a lot of brands. She has won several best female model awards in many colleges. She will be seen in forthcoming Bollywood Movies with big banners. Neha Dalvi is seen in the famous hoarding of Seasons Saree showroom which was a hit all over.






When she was a child she done ad's such as : vicks, dettol and now she is seen in the famous hoarding of seasons saree showroom which was a hit all over. She also did photo shoot for k-lounge and globas, and now her current ad on t.v is of ponds googly woogly woosh, soon she will be seen in miss india and miss world shortly and with this she will be seen in her two movies back to back with the bollywood big banner's.

Her hobbies includes listening music,dancing,lawn/deck tennis,reading books,watching horror movies,swimming and badminton.

Saturday, 31 July 2010

Spain Wins The World Cup 2010

South Africa hosts the FIFA WORLD CUP 2010

32 teams qualified to play in the World Cup. Teams were split into 8 groups and they play each team in their group during the first round of the tournament, known as “the Group stage”. Here they are:

Group A – South Africa, Mexico, Uruguay and France
Group B – Argentina, Nigeria, Korea Republic and Greece
Group C – England, USA, Algeria and Slovenia
Group D – Germany, Australia, Serbia and Ghana
Group E – Netherlands, Denmark, Japan and Cameroon
Group F – Italy, Paraguay, New Zealand and Slovakia
Group G – Brazil, Korea DPR, Cote d’Ivoire and Portugal
Group H – Spain, Switzerland, Honduras and Chile


Well done to Spain winning world cup.

What made me think it would have been Argentina....maybe something to do with Diego Maradona

Not surprising England was a total let down as expected

This is my Dream Team of the WORLD CUP 2010
Goalkeeper : Manuel Neuer (Germany)
Defence : Fábio Coentrao(POR), Maicon(BRA), Philipp Lahm (GER), Gerard Pique (SPA)
Midfield : Arjen Robben(NED), Xavi(SPA), Wesley Sneijder (NED), Lionel Messi (ARG)
Forward : David Villa(SPA), Diego Forlan(URU),


Now that the WORLD CUP has finished lets look at some stats As the dust settles on an unforgettable and historic FIFA World Cup™, FIFA.com reflects on some of the key statistics to have emerged over the past month.

669 passes were attempted by Xavi during the tournament, 104 more than his nearest challenger, Bastian Schweinsteiger. Xavi also delivered the second-highest number of crosses with 42, with only Diego Forlan (50) attempting more.

145 goals were scored at South Africa 2010, the lowest of any FIFA World Cup since the tournament switched to a 64-game format. Indeed, the current edition continues a downward trend in this respect since the first 64-game finals were held 12 years ago, with France 1998’s total of 171 goals dwindling to 161 at Korea/Japan 2002 and then to 147 at Germany 2006.

117 minutes was the time at which Andres Iniesta struck against the Netherlands, making his dramatic winner the latest-ever winning goal in a FIFA World Cup Final.

39 years and 330 days old, David James was the most senior player of this FIFA World Cup.

Christian Eriksen was South Africa 2010’s youngest player at 18 years and 120 days old.

31 solo runs established Spain’s Sergio Ramos as the tournament’s most prolific dribbler, ahead of more likely candidates such as Lukas Podolski (27), Andres Iniesta (26), David Villa and Lionel Messi (both 25).

22 goals at Green Point Stadium made the Cape Town arena the highest-scoring of South Africa's ten venues. Johannesburg's Soccer City ranked second with 20.

19 fouls made Japan’s Keisuke Honda an unlikely leader of the competition’s crime count. Finalists Sergio Ramos and Mark van Bommel followed closely behind on 17.

14 FIFA World Cup goals was the landmark reached by Miroslav Klose, leaving the Germany striker one behind record-holder Ronaldo but nonetheless in joint-second place with Gerd Muller.

14 yellow and red cards were handed out in a fiery Final between the Netherlands and Spain, more than doubling the previous record for this fixture, set when Argentina and West Germany shared six cards in 1986.

12 goals were scored by Bayern Munich players during South Africa 2010, making the Bavarian giants the best-represented club in the scoring charts. Bayern’s European conquerors, Inter Milan, were next-highest on nine, while Atletico Madrid players accounted for eight. The Spanish league dominated overall, with 29 goals to 21 for the Bundesliga, 12 for the English Premier League and 16 for Serie A.

9 hours and 19 minutes without conceding enabled Switzerland to set a new FIFA World Cup record. The Helvetians surpassed Italy’s previous record of 550 minutes.

3.18 million fans attended South Africa 2010’s 64 matches, just short of the FIFA World Cup record set when 3.59 million clicked through the turnstiles at USA 1994.

3 players – David Villa, Andres Iniesta and Carles Puyol – accounted for Spain’s entire haul of goals at South Africa 2010. Previously, no team had ever won the FIFA World Cup with fewer than four different goalscorers. La Roja’s overall tally of eight was the lowest of any world champions in history.

2 draws and a defeat from three group games made Italy’s performance in South Africa their worst-ever FIFA World Cup showing. Never before had they failed to win a single match, or finished bottom of their group. Marcello Lippi’s side remain winless in 2010.

2 minutes and 39 seconds was the time at which Thomas Muller scored the tournament’s fastest goal in Germany’s 4-0 win over Argentina.

1 team finished the tournament unbeaten: New Zealand.

Monday, 5 July 2010

The Lost City Of Atlantis

Truth Or Myth


The idea of a lost, but highly advanced civilization has captured the interest of people for centuries. Perhaps the most compelling of these tales is the story of Atlantis. The story appears again and again in books, television shows and movies. Where did the story originate and is any of it true?





Ever since Greek philosopher Plato described the lost Atlantis in his works Timaeus and Critias, debate has raged as to whether it ever existed.

Lost cities have captured the imaginations of many throughout time. The idea that a whole civilization could have vanished without a trace has both fascinated and challenged.



Plato's Atlantis
The story of the lost continent of Atlantis starts in 355 B.C. with the Greek philosopher Plato. Plato had planned to write a trilogy of books discussing the nature of man, the creation of the world, and the story of Atlantis, as well as other subjects. Only the first book was ever completed. The second book was abandoned part way through, and the final book was never even started.


Plato used dialogues to express his ideas. In this type of writing, the author's thoughts are explored in a series of arguments and debates between various characters in the story. Plato often used real people in his dialogues, such as his teacher, Socrates, but the words he gave them were his own.


In Plato's book, Timaeus, a character named Kritias tells an account of Atlantis that has been in his family for generations. According to the character, the story was originally told to his ancestor, Solon, by a priest during Solon's visit to Egypt.


There had been a powerful empire located to the west of the "Pillars of Hercules" (what we now call the Straight of Gibraltar) on an island in the Atlantic Ocean. The nation there had been established by Poseidon, the God of the Sea. Poseidon fathered five sets of twins on the island. The firstborn, Atlas, had the continent and the surrounding ocean named for him. Poseidon divided the land into ten sections, each to be ruled by a son, or his heirs.


The capital city of Atlantis was a marvel of architecture and engineering. The city was composed of a series of concentric walls and canals. At the very center was a hill, and on top of the hill a temple to Poseidon. Inside was a gold statue of the God of the Sea showing him driving six winged horses.


About 9000 years before the time of Plato, after the people of Atlantis became corrupt and greedy, the gods decided to destroy them. A violent earthquake shook the land, giant waves rolled over the shores, and the island sank into the sea, never to be seen again.


So, is the story of Atlantis just a fable used by Plato to make a point? Or is there some reason to think he was referring to a real place? Well, at numerous points in the dialogues, Plato's characters refer to the story of Atlantis as "genuine history" and it being within "the realm of fact." Plato also seems to put into the story a lot of detail about Atlantis that would be unnecessary if he had intended to use it only as a literary device.


On the other hand according to the writings of the historian Strabo, Plato's student Aristotle remarked that Atlantis was simply created by Plato to illustrate a point. Unfortunately, Aristotle's writings on this subject, which might have cleared the mystery up, have been lost eons ago.


Location, Location, Location
If we make the assumption that Atlantis was a real place, it seems logical that it could be found west of the Straight of Gibraltar near the Azores Islands. In 1882 a man named Ignatius Donnelly published a book titled Atlantis, the Antediluvian World. Donnelly, an American politician, had come to the belief that Plato's story represented actual historical fact. He located Atlantis in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting the Azores Islands represented what remained of the highest mountain peaks. Donnelly said he had studied zoology and geology and had come to the conclusion that civilization itself had begun with the Atlantians and had spread out throughout the world as the Atlantians established colonies in places like ancient Egypt and Peru. Donnelly's book became a world-wide best seller, but researchers could not take Donnelly's theories seriously as he offered no proof for his ideas.


As time when on it became obvious that Donnelly's theories were faulty. Modern scientific surveys of the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean shows it is covered with a blanket of sediment that must have taken millions of years to accumulate. There is no sign of a sunken island continent.


Are there any other candidates for the location of Atlantis? People have made cases for places as diverse as Switzerland, in the middle of Europe, and New Zealand, in the Pacific Ocean. The explorer, Percy Fawcett, thought that it might be located in Brazil. One of the most convincing arguments, though, came from K.T. Frost, a professor of history at the Queen's University in Belfast. Later, Spyridon Marinatos, an archaeologist, and A.G. Galanopoulos, a seismologist, added evidence to Frost's ideas.


The Minoan Connection
Frost suggested that instead of being west of the Pillars of Hercules, Atlantis was east. He also thought that the catastrophic end of the island had come not 9000 years before Plato's time, but only 900. If this was true, the land of Atlantis might already be a well-known place even in Plato's time: the island of Crete.


Crete is now a part of modern Greece and lies just south of Athens across part of the Mediterranean Sea. Before 1500 B.C. it was the seat of the Minoan Empire. The Minoans dominated the eastern Mediterranean with a powerful navy and probably extracted tribute from other surrounding nations. Archaeological excavations have shown that Minoan Crete was probably one of the most sophisticated cultures of its time. It had splendid architecture and art. A code of laws gave women equal legal status to men. Agriculture was highly developed and an extensive irrigation system existed.


Then, seemingly in a blink of an eye, the Minoan Civilization disappeared. Geological studies have shown that on an island we now know as Santorinas, located just ten miles to the north of Crete, a disaster occurred that was very capable of toppling the Minoan state.


Santorinas today is a lush Mediterranean paradise consisting of several islands in a ring shape. Twenty-five hundred years ago, though, it was a single large island with a volcano in the center. The volcano blew itself apart in a massive explosion around 1500 B.C.


To understand the effect of such an explosion, scientists have compared it with the most powerful volcanic explosion in historic times. This occurred on the Island of Krakatoa in 1883. There a giant wave, or tsunami, 120 feet high raced across the sea and hit neighboring islands, killing 36,000 people. Ash thrown up into the air blackened the skies for three days. The sound of the explosion was heard as far away as 3,000 miles.


The explosion at Santorinas was four times as powerful as Krakatoa.


The tsunami that hit Crete must have traveled inland for over half a mile, destroying any coastal towns or cities. The great Minoan fleet of ships were all sunk in a few seconds. Overnight the powerful Minoan Empire was crushed and Crete changed to a political backwater. One can hardly imagine a catastrophe more like Plato's description of Atlantis' fate than the destruction of Crete.


Many of the details of the Atlantis story fit with what is now known about Crete. Women had a relatively high political status, both cultures were peaceful, and both enjoyed the unusual sport of ritualistic bullfighting (where an unarmed man wrestled and jumped over a bull).


If the fall of the Minoans is the story of Atlantis, how did Plato get the location and time wrong? Galanopoulos suggested there was a mistake during translation of some of the figures from Egyptian to Greek and an extra zero added. This would mean 900 years ago became 9000, and the distance from Egypt to "Atlantis" went from 250 miles to 2,500. If this is true, Plato (knowing the layout of the Mediterranean Sea) would have been forced to assume the location of the island continent to be squarely in the Atlantic Ocean.

Not everyone accepts the Minoan Crete theory of the story of Atlantis, but until a convincing case can be made for some other place, it, perhaps, remains science's best guess.
The riddle of Atlantis will only be solved after extensive exploration. However, with no exact location, it may be some time before the ocean reveals it’s secrets.